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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> [Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 7.1-Selenium的使用 </h1>
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                <p>Selenium是一个自动化测试工具，利用它可以驱动浏览器执行特定的动作，如点击、下拉等操作，同时还可以获取浏览器当前呈现的页面的源代码，做到可见即可爬。对于一些JavaScript动态渲染的页面来说，此种抓取方式非常有效。本节中，就让我们来感受一下它的强大之处吧。</p>
                <h2 id="1-准备工作"><a href="#1-准备工作" class="headerlink" title="1. 准备工作"></a>1. 准备工作</h2>
                <p>本节以Chrome为例来讲解Selenium的用法。在开始之前，请确保已经正确安装好了Chrome浏览器并配置好了ChromeDriver。另外，还需要正确安装好Python的Selenium库，详细的安装和配置过程可以参考第1章。</p>
                <h2 id="2-基本使用"><a href="#2-基本使用" class="headerlink" title="2. 基本使用"></a>2. 基本使用</h2>
                <p>准备工作做好之后，首先来大体看一下Selenium有一些怎样的功能。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sas">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">from</span> selenium import webdriver</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">from</span> selenium.webdriver.common.<span class="meta">by</span> import <span class="meta">By</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">from</span> selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">from</span> selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions <span class="meta">as</span> EC</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">from</span> selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">try:</span><br><span class="line">    browser.get(<span class="string">'https://www.baidu.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">input</span> = browser.find_element_by_id(<span class="string">'kw'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">input</span>.send_keys(<span class="string">'Python'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">input</span>.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)</span><br><span class="line">    wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10)</span><br><span class="line">    wait.<span class="meta">until</span>(EC.presence_of_element_located((<span class="meta">By</span>.ID, <span class="string">'content_left'</span>)))</span><br><span class="line">    p<span class="meta">rint(</span>browser.current_url)</span><br><span class="line">    p<span class="meta">rint(</span>browser.get_cookies())</span><br><span class="line">    p<span class="meta">rint(</span>browser.page_source)</span><br><span class="line">finally:</span><br><span class="line">    browser<span class="meta">.close(</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行代码后发现，会自动弹出一个Chrome浏览器。浏览器首先会跳转到百度，然后在搜索框中输入Python，接着跳转到搜索结果页，如图7-1所示。</p>
                <p><img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/7-1.png" alt="">图7-1 运行结果</p>
                <p>搜索结果加载出来后，控制台分别会输出当前的URL、当前的Cookies和网页源代码：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sas">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8<span class="variable">&amp;f</span>=8<span class="variable">&amp;rsv_bp</span>=0<span class="variable">&amp;rsv_idx</span>=1<span class="variable">&amp;tn</span>=baidu<span class="variable">&amp;wd</span>=Python<span class="variable">&amp;rsv_pq</span>=c94d0df9000a72d0<span class="variable">&amp;rsv_t</span>=07099xvun1ZmC0bf6eQvygJ43IUTTUOl5FCJVPgwG2YREs70GplJjH2F%2BCQ<span class="variable">&amp;rqlang</span>=cn<span class="variable">&amp;rsv_enter</span>=1<span class="variable">&amp;rsv_sug3</span>=6<span class="variable">&amp;rsv_sug2</span>=0<span class="variable">&amp;inputT</span>=87<span class="variable">&amp;rsv_sug4</span>=87</span><br><span class="line">[&#123;<span class="string">'secure'</span>: False, <span class="string">'value'</span>: <span class="string">'B490B5EBF6F3CD402E515D22BCDA1598'</span>, <span class="string">'domain'</span>: <span class="string">'.baidu.com'</span>, <span class="string">'path'</span>: <span class="string">'/'</span>, <span class="string">'httpOnly'</span>: False, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'BDORZ'</span>, <span class="string">'expiry'</span>: 1491688071.707553&#125;, &#123;<span class="string">'secure'</span>: False, <span class="string">'value'</span>: <span class="string">'22473_1441_21084_17001'</span>, <span class="string">'domain'</span>: <span class="string">'.baidu.com'</span>, <span class="string">'path'</span>: <span class="string">'/'</span>, <span class="string">'httpOnly'</span>: False, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'H_PS_PSSID'</span>&#125;, &#123;<span class="string">'secure'</span>: False, <span class="string">'value'</span>: <span class="string">'12883875381399993259_00_0_I_R_2_0303_C02F_N_I_I_0'</span>, <span class="string">'domain'</span>: <span class="string">'.www.baidu.com'</span>, <span class="string">'path'</span>: <span class="string">'/'</span>, <span class="string">'httpOnly'</span>: False, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'__bsi'</span>, <span class="string">'expiry'</span>: 1491601676.69722&#125;]</span><br><span class="line">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;&lt;!--STATUS OK--&gt;...&lt;/html&gt;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>源代码过长，在此省略。可以看到，我们得到的当前URL、Cookies和源代码都是浏览器中的真实内容。</p>
                <p>所以说，如果用Selenium来驱动浏览器加载网页的话，就可以直接拿到JavaScript渲染的结果了，不用担心使用的是什么加密系统。</p>
                <p>下面来详细了解一下Selenium的用法。</p>
                <h2 id="3-声明浏览器对象"><a href="#3-声明浏览器对象" class="headerlink" title="3. 声明浏览器对象"></a>3. 声明浏览器对象</h2>
                <p>Selenium支持非常多的浏览器，如Chrome、Firefox、Edge等，还有Android、BlackBerry等手机端的浏览器。另外，也支持无界面浏览器PhantomJS。</p>
                <p>此外，我们可以用如下方式初始化：</p>
                <figure class="highlight armasm">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="symbol">from</span> <span class="keyword">selenium </span><span class="meta">import</span> webdriver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">browser </span>= webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">browser </span>= webdriver.Firefox()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">browser </span>= webdriver.Edge()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">browser </span>= webdriver.PhantomJS()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">browser </span>= webdriver.Safari()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样就完成了浏览器对象的初始化并将其赋值为<code>browser</code>对象。接下来，我们要做的就是调用<code>browser</code>对象，让其执行各个动作以模拟浏览器操作。</p>
                <h2 id="4-访问页面"><a href="#4-访问页面" class="headerlink" title="4. 访问页面"></a>4. 访问页面</h2>
                <p>我们可以用<code>get()</code>方法来请求网页，参数传入链接URL即可。比如，这里用<code>get()</code>方法访问淘宝，然后打印出源代码，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium import webdriver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.taobao.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(browser.page_source)</span><br><span class="line">browser.close()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行后发现，弹出了Chrome浏览器并且自动访问了淘宝，然后控制台输出了淘宝页面的源代码，随后浏览器关闭。</p>
                <p>通过这几行简单的代码，我们可以实现浏览器的驱动并获取网页源码，非常便捷。</p>
                <h2 id="5-查找节点"><a href="#5-查找节点" class="headerlink" title="5. 查找节点"></a>5. 查找节点</h2>
                <p>Selenium可以驱动浏览器完成各种操作，比如填充表单、模拟点击等。比如，我们想要完成向某个输入框输入文字的操作，总需要知道这个输入框在哪里吧？而Selenium提供了一系列查找节点的方法，我们可以用这些方法来获取想要的节点，以便下一步执行一些动作或者提取信息。</p>
                <h3 id="单个节点"><a href="#单个节点" class="headerlink" title="单个节点"></a>单个节点</h3>
                <p>比如，想要从淘宝页面中提取搜索框这个节点，首先要观察它的源代码，如图7-2所示。</p>
                <p><img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/7-2.png" alt="">图7-2 源代码</p>
                <p>可以发现，它的<code>id</code>是<code>q</code>，<code>name</code>也是<code>q</code>。此外，还有许多其他属性，此时我们就可以用多种方式获取它了。比如，<code>find_element_by_name()</code>是根据<code>name</code>值获取，<code>find_element_by_id()</code>是根据<code>id</code>获取。另外，还有根据XPath、CSS选择器等获取的方式。</p>
                <p>我们用代码实现一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight reasonml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from selenium import webdriver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.<span class="constructor">Chrome()</span></span><br><span class="line">browser.get('https:<span class="comment">//www.taobao.com')</span></span><br><span class="line">input_first = browser.find<span class="constructor">_element_by_id('<span class="params">q</span>')</span></span><br><span class="line">input_second = browser.find<span class="constructor">_element_by_css_selector('#<span class="params">q</span>')</span></span><br><span class="line">input_third = browser.find<span class="constructor">_element_by_xpath('<span class="operator">/</span><span class="operator">/</span><span class="operator">*</span>[@<span class="params">id</span>=<span class="string">"q"</span>]')</span></span><br><span class="line">print(input_first, input_second, input_third)</span><br><span class="line">browser.close<span class="literal">()</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们使用3种方式获取输入框，分别是根据ID、CSS选择器和XPath获取，它们返回的结果完全一致。运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&lt;selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (<span class="attribute">session</span>=<span class="string">"5e53d9e1c8646e44c14c1c2880d424af"</span>, <span class="attribute">element</span>=<span class="string">"0.5649563096161541-1"</span>)&gt; </span><br><span class="line">&lt;selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (<span class="attribute">session</span>=<span class="string">"5e53d9e1c8646e44c14c1c2880d424af"</span>, <span class="attribute">element</span>=<span class="string">"0.5649563096161541-1"</span>)&gt; </span><br><span class="line">&lt;selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (<span class="attribute">session</span>=<span class="string">"5e53d9e1c8646e44c14c1c2880d424af"</span>, <span class="attribute">element</span>=<span class="string">"0.5649563096161541-1"</span>)&gt;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到，这3个节点都是<code>WebElement</code>类型，是完全一致的。</p>
                <p>这里列出所有获取单个节点的方法：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ceylon">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>element<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_</span>id</span><br><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>element<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_n</span>ame</span><br><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>element<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_</span>xpath</span><br><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>element<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_</span>link<span class="number">_</span>text</span><br><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>element<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_p</span>artial<span class="number">_</span>link<span class="number">_</span>text</span><br><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>element<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_</span>tag<span class="number">_n</span>ame</span><br><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>element<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_</span><span class="keyword">class</span><span class="number">_n</span>ame</span><br><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>element<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_</span>css<span class="number">_</span>selector</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>另外，Selenium还提供了通用方法<code>find_element()</code>，它需要传入两个参数：查找方式<code>By</code>和值。实际上，它就是<code>find_element_by_id()</code>这种方法的通用函数版本，比如<code>find_element_by_id(id)</code>就等价于<code>find_element(By.ID, id)</code>，二者得到的结果完全一致。我们用代码实现一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium <span class="keyword">import</span> webdriver</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium.webdriver.common.<span class="keyword">by</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="keyword">By</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="keyword">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.taobao.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">input_first = browser.find_element(<span class="keyword">By</span>.ID, <span class="string">'q'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(input_first)</span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="keyword">close</span>()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>实际上，这种查找方式的功能和上面列举的查找函数完全一致，不过参数更加灵活。</p>
                <h3 id="多个节点"><a href="#多个节点" class="headerlink" title="多个节点"></a>多个节点</h3>
                <p>如果查找的目标在网页中只有一个，那么完全可以用<code>find_element()</code>方法。但如果有多个节点，再用<code>find_element()</code>方法查找，就只能得到第一个节点了。如果要查找所有满足条件的节点，需要用<code>find_elements()</code>这样的方法。注意，在这个方法的名称中，element多了一个s，注意区分。</p>
                <p>比如，要查找淘宝左侧导航条的所有条目，如图7-3所示。</p>
                <p><img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/7-3.jpg" alt="">图7-3 导航栏</p>
                <p>就可以这样来实现：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium import webdriver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.taobao.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">lis = browser.find_elements_by_css_selector(<span class="string">'.service-bd li'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(lis)</span><br><span class="line">browser.close()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[&lt;selenium<span class="selector-class">.webdriver</span><span class="selector-class">.remote</span><span class="selector-class">.webelement</span><span class="selector-class">.WebElement</span> (session=<span class="string">"c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19"</span>, element=<span class="string">"0.09221044033125603-1"</span>)&gt;, &lt;selenium<span class="selector-class">.webdriver</span><span class="selector-class">.remote</span><span class="selector-class">.webelement</span><span class="selector-class">.WebElement</span> (session=<span class="string">"c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19"</span>, element=<span class="string">"0.09221044033125603-2"</span>)&gt;, &lt;selenium<span class="selector-class">.webdriver</span><span class="selector-class">.remote</span><span class="selector-class">.webelement</span><span class="selector-class">.WebElement</span> (session=<span class="string">"c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19"</span>, element=<span class="string">"0.09221044033125603-3"</span>)&gt;...&lt;selenium<span class="selector-class">.webdriver</span><span class="selector-class">.remote</span><span class="selector-class">.webelement</span><span class="selector-class">.WebElement</span> (session=<span class="string">"c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19"</span>, element=<span class="string">"0.09221044033125603-16"</span>)&gt;]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里简化了输出结果，中间部分省略。</p>
                <p>可以看到，得到的内容变成了列表类型，列表中的每个节点都是<code>WebElement</code>类型。</p>
                <p>也就是说，如果我们用<code>find_element()</code>方法，只能获取匹配的第一个节点，结果是<code>WebElement</code>类型。如果用<code>find_elements()</code>方法，则结果是列表类型，列表中的每个节点是<code>WebElement</code>类型。</p>
                <p>这里列出所有获取多个节点的方法：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ceylon">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>elements<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_</span>id</span><br><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>elements<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_n</span>ame</span><br><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>elements<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_</span>xpath</span><br><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>elements<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_</span>link<span class="number">_</span>text</span><br><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>elements<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_p</span>artial<span class="number">_</span>link<span class="number">_</span>text</span><br><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>elements<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_</span>tag<span class="number">_n</span>ame</span><br><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>elements<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_</span><span class="keyword">class</span><span class="number">_n</span>ame</span><br><span class="line">find<span class="number">_</span>elements<span class="number">_</span><span class="meta">by</span><span class="number">_</span>css<span class="number">_</span>selector</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>当然，我们也可以直接用<code>find_elements()</code>方法来选择，这时可以这样写：</p>
                <figure class="highlight reasonml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">lis = browser.find<span class="constructor">_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.<span class="params">service</span>-<span class="params">bd</span> <span class="params">li</span>')</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>结果是完全一致的。</p>
                <h2 id="6-节点交互"><a href="#6-节点交互" class="headerlink" title="6. 节点交互"></a>6. 节点交互</h2>
                <p>Selenium可以驱动浏览器来执行一些操作，也就是说可以让浏览器模拟执行一些动作。比较常见的用法有：输入文字时用<code>send_keys()</code>方法，清空文字时用<code>clear()</code>方法，点击按钮时用<code>click()</code>方法。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium <span class="keyword">import</span> webdriver</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="type">time</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="keyword">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.taobao.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">input = browser.find_element_by_id(<span class="string">'q'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">input</span>.send_keys(<span class="string">'iPhone'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">time</span>.sleep(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">input</span>.clear()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">input</span>.send_keys(<span class="string">'iPad'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">button = browser.find_element_by_class_name(<span class="string">'btn-search'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">button.click()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里首先驱动浏览器打开淘宝，然后用<code>find_element_by_id()</code>方法获取输入框，然后用<code>send_keys()</code>方法输入iPhone文字，等待一秒后用<code>clear()</code>方法清空输入框，再次调用<code>send_keys()</code>方法输入iPad文字，之后再用<code>find_element_by_class_name()</code>方法获取搜索按钮，最后调用<code>click()</code>方法完成搜索动作。</p>
                <p>通过上面的方法，我们就完成了一些常见节点的动作操作，更多的操作可以参见官方文档的交互动作介绍：<a href="http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement</a>。</p>
                <h2 id="7-动作链"><a href="#7-动作链" class="headerlink" title="7. 动作链"></a>7. 动作链</h2>
                <p>在上面的实例中，一些交互动作都是针对某个节点执行的。比如，对于输入框，我们就调用它的输入文字和清空文字方法；对于按钮，就调用它的点击方法。其实，还有另外一些操作，它们没有特定的执行对象，比如鼠标拖曳、键盘按键等，这些动作用另一种方式来执行，那就是动作链。</p>
                <p>比如，现在实现一个节点的拖曳操作，将某个节点从一处拖曳到另外一处，可以这样实现：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium <span class="keyword">import</span> webdriver</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium.webdriver <span class="keyword">import</span> ActionChains</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable'</span></span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="keyword">get</span>(url)</span><br><span class="line">browser.switch_to.frame(<span class="string">'iframeResult'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector(<span class="string">'#draggable'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">target = browser.find_element_by_css_selector(<span class="string">'#droppable'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">actions = ActionChains(browser)</span><br><span class="line">actions.drag_and_drop(source, target)</span><br><span class="line">actions.<span class="keyword">perform</span>()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>首先，打开网页中的一个拖曳实例，然后依次选中要拖曳的节点和拖曳到的目标节点，接着声明<code>ActionChains</code>对象并将其赋值为<code>actions</code>变量，然后通过调用<code>actions</code>变量的<code>drag_and_drop()</code>方法，再调用<code>perform()</code>方法执行动作，此时就完成了拖曳操作，如图7-4和图7-5所示。</p>
                <p><img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/7-4.jpg" alt="">图7-4 拖曳前的页面</p>
                <p><img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/7-5.jpg" alt="">图7-5 拖曳后的页面</p>
                <p>更多的动作链操作可以参考官方文档：<a href="http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains</a>。</p>
                <h2 id="8-执行JavaScript"><a href="#8-执行JavaScript" class="headerlink" title="8. 执行JavaScript"></a>8. 执行JavaScript</h2>
                <p>对于某些操作，Selenium API并没有提供。比如，下拉进度条，它可以直接模拟运行JavaScript，此时使用<code>execute_script()</code>方法即可实现，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight reasonml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from selenium import webdriver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.<span class="constructor">Chrome()</span></span><br><span class="line">browser.get('https:<span class="comment">//www.zhihu.com/explore')</span></span><br><span class="line">browser.execute<span class="constructor">_script('<span class="params">window</span>.<span class="params">scrollTo</span>(0, <span class="params">document</span>.<span class="params">body</span>.<span class="params">scrollHeight</span>)</span>')</span><br><span class="line">browser.execute<span class="constructor">_script('<span class="params">alert</span>(<span class="string">"To Bottom"</span>)</span>')</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里就利用<code>execute_script()</code>方法将进度条下拉到最底部，然后弹出alert提示框。</p>
                <p>所以说有了这个方法，基本上API没有提供的所有功能都可以用执行JavaScript的方式来实现了。</p>
                <h2 id="9-获取节点信息"><a href="#9-获取节点信息" class="headerlink" title="9. 获取节点信息"></a>9. 获取节点信息</h2>
                <p>前面说过，通过<code>page_source</code>属性可以获取网页的源代码，接着就可以使用解析库（如正则表达式、Beautiful Soup、pyquery等）来提取信息了。</p>
                <p>不过，既然Selenium已经提供了选择节点的方法，返回的是<code>WebElement</code>类型，那么它也有相关的方法和属性来直接提取节点信息，如属性、文本等。这样的话，我们就可以不用通过解析源代码来提取信息了，非常方便。</p>
                <p>接下来，就看看通过怎样的方式来获取节点信息吧。</p>
                <h3 id="获取属性"><a href="#获取属性" class="headerlink" title="获取属性"></a>获取属性</h3>
                <p>我们可以使用<code>get_attribute()</code>方法来获取节点的属性，但是其前提是先选中这个节点，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium import webdriver</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium.webdriver import ActionChains</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'</span></span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(url)</span><br><span class="line">logo = browser.find_element_by_id(<span class="string">'zh-top-link-logo'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(logo)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(logo.get_attribute(<span class="string">'class'</span>))</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行之后，程序便会驱动浏览器打开知乎页面，然后获取知乎的logo节点，最后打印出它的<code>class</code>。</p>
                <p>控制台的输出结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&lt;selenium<span class="selector-class">.webdriver</span><span class="selector-class">.remote</span><span class="selector-class">.webelement</span><span class="selector-class">.WebElement</span> (session=<span class="string">"e08c0f28d7f44d75ccd50df6bb676104"</span>, element=<span class="string">"0.7236390660048155-1"</span>)&gt;</span><br><span class="line">zu-<span class="attribute">top</span>-link-logo</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>通过<code>get_attribute()</code>方法，然后传入想要获取的属性名，就可以得到它的值了。</p>
                <h3 id="获取文本值"><a href="#获取文本值" class="headerlink" title="获取文本值"></a>获取文本值</h3>
                <p>每个<code>WebElement</code>节点都有<code>text</code>属性，直接调用这个属性就可以得到节点内部的文本信息，这相当于Beautiful Soup的<code>get_text()</code>方法、pyquery的<code>text()</code>方法，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium <span class="keyword">import</span> webdriver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'</span></span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="keyword">get</span>(url)</span><br><span class="line">input = browser.find_element_by_class_name(<span class="string">'zu-top-add-question'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="keyword">input</span>.text)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里依然先打开知乎页面，然后获取“提问”按钮这个节点，再将其文本值打印出来。</p>
                <p>控制台的输出结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight plain">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">提问</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="获取id、位置、标签名和大小"><a href="#获取id、位置、标签名和大小" class="headerlink" title="获取id、位置、标签名和大小"></a>获取id、位置、标签名和大小</h3>
                <p>另外，<code>WebElement</code>节点还有一些其他属性，比如<code>id</code>属性可以获取节点<code>id</code>，<code>location</code>属性可以获取该节点在页面中的相对位置，<code>tag_name</code>属性可以获取标签名称，<code>size</code>属性可以获取节点的大小，也就是宽高，这些属性有时候还是很有用的。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"> from selenium import webdriver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'</span></span><br><span class="line">browser.get(url)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">input</span> = browser.find_element_by_class_name(<span class="string">'zu-top-add-question'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(input.id)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(input.location)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(input.tag_name)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(input.size)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里首先获得“提问”按钮这个节点，然后调用其<code>id</code>、<code>location</code>、<code>tag_name</code>、<code>size</code>属性来获取对应的属性值。</p>
                <h2 id="10-切换Frame"><a href="#10-切换Frame" class="headerlink" title="10. 切换Frame"></a>10. 切换Frame</h2>
                <p>我们知道网页中有一种节点叫作iframe，也就是子Frame，相当于页面的子页面，它的结构和外部网页的结构完全一致。Selenium打开页面后，它默认是在父级Frame里面操作，而此时如果页面中还有子Frame，它是不能获取到子Frame里面的节点的。这时就需要使用<code>switch_to.frame()</code>方法来切换Frame。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import time</span><br><span class="line">from selenium import webdriver</span><br><span class="line">from selenium<span class="selector-class">.common</span><span class="selector-class">.exceptions</span> import NoSuchElementException</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable'</span></span><br><span class="line">browser.get(url)</span><br><span class="line">browser<span class="selector-class">.switch_to</span>.frame(<span class="string">'iframeResult'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">try:</span><br><span class="line">    logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name(<span class="string">'logo'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">except NoSuchElementException:</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'NO LOGO'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">browser<span class="selector-class">.switch_to</span>.parent_frame()</span><br><span class="line">logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name(<span class="string">'logo'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(logo)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(logo.text)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>控制台的输出如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="literal">NO</span> LOGO</span><br><span class="line">&lt;selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (<span class="attribute">session</span>=<span class="string">"4bb8ac03ced4ecbdefef03ffdc0e4ccd"</span>, <span class="attribute">element</span>=<span class="string">"0.13792611320464965-2"</span>)&gt;</span><br><span class="line">RUNOOB.COM</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里还是以前面演示动作链操作的网页为实例，首先通过<code>switch_to.frame()</code>方法切换到子Frame里面，然后尝试获取父级Frame里的logo节点（这是不能找到的），如果找不到的话，就会抛出<code>NoSuchElementException</code>异常，异常被捕捉之后，就会输出<code>NO LOGO</code>。接下来，重新切换回父级Frame，然后再次重新获取节点，发现此时可以成功获取了。</p>
                <p>所以，当页面中包含子Frame时，如果想获取子Frame中的节点，需要先调用<code>switch_to.frame()</code>方法切换到对应的Frame，然后再进行操作。</p>
                <h2 id="11-延时等待"><a href="#11-延时等待" class="headerlink" title="11. 延时等待"></a>11. 延时等待</h2>
                <p>在Selenium中，<code>get()</code>方法会在网页框架加载结束后结束执行，此时如果获取<code>page_source</code>，可能并不是浏览器完全加载完成的页面，如果某些页面有额外的Ajax请求，我们在网页源代码中也不一定能成功获取到。所以，这里需要延时等待一定时间，确保节点已经加载出来。</p>
                <p>这里等待的方式有两种：一种是隐式等待，一种是显式等待。</p>
                <h3 id="隐式等待"><a href="#隐式等待" class="headerlink" title="隐式等待"></a>隐式等待</h3>
                <p>当使用隐式等待执行测试的时候，如果Selenium没有在DOM中找到节点，将继续等待，超出设定时间后，则抛出找不到节点的异常。换句话说，当查找节点而节点并没有立即出现的时候，隐式等待将等待一段时间再查找DOM，默认的时间是0。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight reasonml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from selenium import webdriver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.<span class="constructor">Chrome()</span></span><br><span class="line">browser.implicitly<span class="constructor">_wait(10)</span></span><br><span class="line">browser.get('https:<span class="comment">//www.zhihu.com/explore')</span></span><br><span class="line">input = browser.find<span class="constructor">_element_by_class_name('<span class="params">zu</span>-<span class="params">top</span>-<span class="params">add</span>-<span class="params">question</span>')</span></span><br><span class="line">print(input)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们用<code>implicitly_wait()</code>方法实现了隐式等待。</p>
                <h3 id="显式等待"><a href="#显式等待" class="headerlink" title="显式等待"></a>显式等待</h3>
                <p>隐式等待的效果其实并没有那么好，因为我们只规定了一个固定时间，而页面的加载时间会受到网络条件的影响。</p>
                <p>这里还有一种更合适的显式等待方法，它指定要查找的节点，然后指定一个最长等待时间。如果在规定时间内加载出来了这个节点，就返回查找的节点；如果到了规定时间依然没有加载出该节点，则抛出超时异常。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium <span class="keyword">import</span> webdriver</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium.webdriver.common.<span class="keyword">by</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="keyword">By</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium.webdriver.support.ui <span class="keyword">import</span> WebDriverWait</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium.webdriver.support <span class="keyword">import</span> expected_conditions <span class="keyword">as</span> EC</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="keyword">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.taobao.com/'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">wait = WebDriverWait(browser, <span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line">input = wait.<span class="keyword">until</span>(EC.presence_of_element_located((<span class="keyword">By</span>.ID, <span class="string">'q'</span>)))</span><br><span class="line">button = wait.<span class="keyword">until</span>(EC.element_to_be_clickable((<span class="keyword">By</span>.CSS_SELECTOR, <span class="string">'.btn-search'</span>)))</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="keyword">input</span>, button)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里首先引入<code>WebDriverWait</code>这个对象，指定最长等待时间，然后调用它的<code>until()</code>方法，传入要等待条件<code>expected_conditions</code>。比如，这里传入了<code>presence_of_element_located</code>这个条件，代表节点出现的意思，其参数是节点的定位元组，也就是<code>ID</code>为<code>q</code>的节点搜索框。</p>
                <p>这样可以做到的效果就是，在10秒内如果<code>ID</code>为<code>q</code>的节点（即搜索框）成功加载出来，就返回该节点；如果超过10秒还没有加载出来，就抛出异常。</p>
                <p>对于按钮，可以更改一下等待条件，比如改为<code>element_to_be_clickable</code>，也就是可点击，所以查找按钮时查找CSS选择器为.btn-search的按钮，如果10秒内它是可点击的，也就是成功加载出来了，就返回这个按钮节点；如果超过10秒还不可点击，也就是没有加载出来，就抛出异常。</p>
                <p>运行代码，在网速较佳的情况下是可以成功加载出来的。</p>
                <p>控制台的输出如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&lt;selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (<span class="attribute">session</span>=<span class="string">"07dd2fbc2d5b1ce40e82b9754aba8fa8"</span>, <span class="attribute">element</span>=<span class="string">"0.5642646294074107-1"</span>)&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&lt;selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (<span class="attribute">session</span>=<span class="string">"07dd2fbc2d5b1ce40e82b9754aba8fa8"</span>, <span class="attribute">element</span>=<span class="string">"0.5642646294074107-2"</span>)&gt;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到，控制台成功输出了两个节点，它们都是<code>WebElement</code>类型。</p>
                <p>如果网络有问题，10秒内没有成功加载，那就抛出<code>TimeoutException</code>异常，此时控制台的输出如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight reasonml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">TimeoutException Traceback (most recent call last)</span><br><span class="line">&lt;ipython-input-<span class="number">4</span>-f3d73973b223&gt; <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;<span class="keyword">module</span>&gt;<span class="literal">()</span></span><br><span class="line">      <span class="number">7</span> browser.get('https:<span class="comment">//www.taobao.com/')</span></span><br><span class="line">      <span class="number">8</span> wait = <span class="constructor">WebDriverWait(<span class="params">browser</span>, 10)</span></span><br><span class="line">----&gt; <span class="number">9</span> input = wait.until(<span class="module-access"><span class="module"><span class="identifier">EC</span>.</span></span>presence<span class="constructor">_of_element_located((By.ID, '<span class="params">q</span>')</span>))</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>关于等待条件，其实还有很多，比如判断标题内容，判断某个节点内是否出现了某文字等。表7-1列出了所有的等待条件。</p>
                <p>表7-1 等待条件及其含义</p>
                <p>等待条件</p>
                <p>含义</p>
                <p><code>title_is</code></p>
                <p>标题是某内容</p>
                <p><code>title_contains</code></p>
                <p>标题包含某内容</p>
                <p><code>presence_of_element_located</code></p>
                <p>节点加载出来，传入定位元组，如<code>(By.ID, &#39;p&#39;)</code></p>
                <p><code>visibility_of_element_located</code></p>
                <p>节点可见，传入定位元组</p>
                <p><code>visibility_of</code></p>
                <p>可见，传入节点对象</p>
                <p><code>presence_of_all_elements_located</code></p>
                <p>所有节点加载出来</p>
                <p><code>text_to_be_present_in_element</code></p>
                <p>某个节点文本包含某文字</p>
                <p><code>text_to_be_present_in_element_value</code></p>
                <p>某个节点值包含某文字</p>
                <p><code>frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it</code></p>
                <p>加载并切换</p>
                <p><code>invisibility_of_element_located</code></p>
                <p>节点不可见</p>
                <p><code>element_to_be_clickable</code></p>
                <p>节点可点击</p>
                <p><code>staleness_of</code></p>
                <p>判断一个节点是否仍在DOM，可判断页面是否已经刷新</p>
                <p><code>element_to_be_selected</code></p>
                <p>节点可选择，传节点对象</p>
                <p><code>element_located_to_be_selected</code></p>
                <p>节点可选择，传入定位元组</p>
                <p><code>element_selection_state_to_be</code></p>
                <p>传入节点对象以及状态，相等返回<code>True</code>，否则返回<code>False</code></p>
                <p><code>element_located_selection_state_to_be</code></p>
                <p>传入定位元组以及状态，相等返回<code>True</code>，否则返回<code>False</code></p>
                <p><code>alert_is_present</code></p>
                <p>是否出现警告</p>
                <p>关于更多等待条件的参数及用法，可以参考官方文档：<a href="http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions</a>。</p>
                <h2 id="12-前进和后退"><a href="#12-前进和后退" class="headerlink" title="12. 前进和后退"></a>12. 前进和后退</h2>
                <p>平常使用浏览器时都有前进和后退功能，Selenium也可以完成这个操作，它使用<code>back()</code>方法后退，使用<code>forward()</code>方法前进。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="type">time</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium <span class="keyword">import</span> webdriver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="keyword">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.baidu.com/'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="keyword">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.taobao.com/'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="keyword">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.python.org/'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">browser.back()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">time</span>.sleep(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">browser.forward()</span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="keyword">close</span>()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们连续访问3个页面，然后调用<code>back()</code>方法回到第二个页面，接下来再调用<code>forward()</code>方法又可以前进到第三个页面。</p>
                <h2 id="13-Cookies"><a href="#13-Cookies" class="headerlink" title="13. Cookies"></a>13. Cookies</h2>
                <p>使用Selenium，还可以方便地对Cookies进行操作，例如获取、添加、删除Cookies等。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium import webdriver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(browser.get_cookies())</span><br><span class="line">browser.add_cookie(&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'name'</span>, <span class="string">'domain'</span>: <span class="string">'www.zhihu.com'</span>, <span class="string">'value'</span>: <span class="string">'germey'</span>&#125;)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(browser.get_cookies())</span><br><span class="line">browser.delete_all_cookies()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(browser.get_cookies())</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>首先，我们访问了知乎。加载完成后，浏览器实际上已经生成Cookies了。接着，调用<code>get_cookies()</code>方法获取所有的Cookies。然后，我们添加一个Cookie，这里传入一个字典，有<code>name</code>、<code>domain</code>和<code>value</code>等内容。接下来，再次获取所有的Cookies。可以发现，结果就多了这一项新加的Cookie。最后，调用<code>delete_all_cookies()</code>方法删除所有的Cookies。再重新获取，发现结果就为空了。</p>
                <p>控制台的输出如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight scheme">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[&#123;<span class="symbol">'secure</span><span class="symbol">':</span> False, <span class="symbol">'value</span><span class="symbol">':</span> '<span class="string">"NGM0ZTM5NDAwMWEyNDQwNDk5ODlkZWY3OTkxY2I0NDY=|1491604091|236e34290a6f407bfbb517888849ea509ac366d0"</span>', <span class="symbol">'domain</span><span class="symbol">':</span> <span class="symbol">'.zhihu.com</span>', <span class="symbol">'path</span><span class="symbol">':</span> <span class="symbol">'/</span>', <span class="symbol">'httpOnly</span><span class="symbol">':</span> False, <span class="symbol">'name</span><span class="symbol">':</span> <span class="symbol">'l_cap_id</span>', <span class="symbol">'expiry</span><span class="symbol">':</span> <span class="number">1494196091.403418</span>&#125;]</span><br><span class="line">[&#123;<span class="symbol">'secure</span><span class="symbol">':</span> False, <span class="symbol">'value</span><span class="symbol">':</span> <span class="symbol">'germey</span>', <span class="symbol">'domain</span><span class="symbol">':</span> <span class="symbol">'.www.zhihu.com</span>', <span class="symbol">'path</span><span class="symbol">':</span> <span class="symbol">'/</span>', <span class="symbol">'httpOnly</span><span class="symbol">':</span> False, <span class="symbol">'name</span><span class="symbol">':</span> <span class="symbol">'name</span>'&#125;, &#123;<span class="symbol">'secure</span><span class="symbol">':</span> False, <span class="symbol">'value</span><span class="symbol">':</span> '<span class="string">"NGM0ZTM5NDAwMWEyNDQwNDk5ODlkZWY3OTkxY2I0NDY=|1491604091|236e34290a6f407bfbb517888849ea509ac366d0"</span>', <span class="symbol">'domain</span><span class="symbol">':</span> <span class="symbol">'.zhihu.com</span>', <span class="symbol">'path</span><span class="symbol">':</span> <span class="symbol">'/</span>', <span class="symbol">'httpOnly</span><span class="symbol">':</span> False, <span class="symbol">'name</span><span class="symbol">':</span> <span class="symbol">'l_cap_id</span>', <span class="symbol">'expiry</span><span class="symbol">':</span> <span class="number">1494196091.403418</span>&#125;]</span><br><span class="line">[]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="14-选项卡管理"><a href="#14-选项卡管理" class="headerlink" title="14. 选项卡管理"></a>14. 选项卡管理</h2>
                <p>在访问网页的时候，会开启一个个选项卡。在Selenium中，我们也可以对选项卡进行操作。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight reasonml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import time</span><br><span class="line">from selenium import webdriver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.<span class="constructor">Chrome()</span></span><br><span class="line">browser.get('https:<span class="comment">//www.baidu.com')</span></span><br><span class="line">browser.execute<span class="constructor">_script('<span class="params">window</span>.<span class="params">open</span>()</span>')</span><br><span class="line">print(browser.window_handles)</span><br><span class="line">browser.switch<span class="constructor">_to_window(<span class="params">browser</span>.<span class="params">window_handles</span>[1])</span></span><br><span class="line">browser.get('https:<span class="comment">//www.taobao.com')</span></span><br><span class="line">time.sleep(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">browser.switch<span class="constructor">_to_window(<span class="params">browser</span>.<span class="params">window_handles</span>[0])</span></span><br><span class="line">browser.get('https:<span class="comment">//python.org')</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>控制台的输出如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight lsl">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">['CDwindow<span class="number">-4</span>f58e3a7<span class="number">-7167</span><span class="number">-4587</span>-bedf<span class="number">-9</span>cd8c867f435', 'CDwindow<span class="number">-6e05</span>f076<span class="number">-6</span>d77<span class="number">-453</span>a-a36c<span class="number">-32</span>baacc447df']</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>首先访问了百度，然后调用了<code>execute_script()</code>方法，这里传入<code>window.open()</code>这个JavaScript语句新开启一个选项卡。接下来，我们想切换到该选项卡。这里调用<code>window_handles</code>属性获取当前开启的所有选项卡，返回的是选项卡的代号列表。要想切换选项卡，只需要调用<code>switch_to_window()</code>方法即可，其中参数是选项卡的代号。这里我们将第二个选项卡代号传入，即跳转到第二个选项卡，接下来在第二个选项卡下打开一个新页面，然后切换回第一个选项卡重新调用switch_to_window()方法，再执行其他操作即可。</p>
                <h2 id="15-异常处理"><a href="#15-异常处理" class="headerlink" title="15. 异常处理"></a>15. 异常处理</h2>
                <p>在使用Selenium的过程中，难免会遇到一些异常，例如超时、节点未找到等错误，一旦出现此类错误，程序便不会继续运行了。这里我们可以使用<code>try except</code>语句来捕获各种异常。</p>
                <p>首先，演示一下节点未找到的异常，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium <span class="keyword">import</span> webdriver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">browser.<span class="keyword">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.baidu.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">browser.find_element_by_id(<span class="string">'hello'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里首先打开百度页面，然后尝试选择一个并不存在的节点，此时就会遇到异常。</p>
                <p>运行之后控制台的输出如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight vim">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">NoSuchElementException Traceback (most recent <span class="keyword">call</span> <span class="keyword">last</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="symbol">&lt;ipython-input-23-978945848a1b&gt;</span> in <span class="symbol">&lt;module&gt;</span>()</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="number">3</span> browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="number">4</span> browser.<span class="built_in">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.baidu.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">----&gt; <span class="number">5</span> browser.find_element_by_id(<span class="string">'hello'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到，这里抛出了<code>NoSuchElementException</code>异常，这通常是节点未找到的异常。为了防止程序遇到异常而中断，我们需要捕获这些异常，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium <span class="keyword">import</span> webdriver</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium.common.exceptions <span class="keyword">import</span> TimeoutException, NoSuchElementException</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">browser = webdriver.Chrome()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    browser.get(<span class="string">'https://www.baidu.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> TimeoutException:</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'Time Out'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    browser.find_element_by_id(<span class="string">'hello'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> NoSuchElementException:</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'No Element'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">finally</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    browser.close()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们使用<code>try except</code>来捕获各类异常。比如，我们对<code>find_element_by_id()</code>查找节点的方法捕获<code>NoSuchElementException</code>异常，这样一旦出现这样的错误，就进行异常处理，程序也不会中断了。</p>
                <p>控制台的输出如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight yaml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="literal">No</span> <span class="string">Element</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>关于更多的异常类，可以参考官方文档：<a href="http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.common.exceptions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.common.exceptions</a>。</p>
                <p>现在，我们基本对Selenium的常规用法有了大体的了解。使用Selenium，处理JavaScript不再是难事。</p>
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